Assessing the Role of a Limestone Quarry as Sediment Source in a Developing Tropical Catchment

Impact assessments on river systems of the combined effect of bed and suspended sediment loads from quarries are difficult to find. In this study, bed and suspended loads were measured to determine the impact of a 20‐ha limestone quarry on the river system of its 5,000‐ha steep, diverse land use/land cover but mostly forested catchment. A network of hydrologic and sediment monitoring instruments was deployed over the catchment during two separate study periods when sediment loadings were measured from captured storms. Results showed that the quarry stood to make a disproportionately large contribution to the catchment's estimated 2·1 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ suspended sediment load. Large storm events contributed most of the loadings with five events supplying 92% of total loadings at the outlet. A paired method approach to compare suspended sediment loads between two subcatchments showed that during eight storm events, the quarry yielded between 2 and 49·2 Mg ha⁻¹ per event, whereas the forest never yielded more than 0·1 Mg ha⁻¹. Furthermore, the contribution of sediments from the quarry to bed load was more than 75% at a section located 1·2 km downstream. Future management activities to reduce sediment and bed loads, not only from this catchment but also from all others with similar land use/land covers, should focus on improving quarry operations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

EQUIVALENCE HEAT CONDUCTION COEFFICIENTS IN MULTIPHASE SOLIDS

With the background of composite materials, this paper approaches the theory of the equivalencn heat conduction coefficients in multiphase solids and the method that concerns weth the prediction formula for design. The equivalence heat conduction coefficients of fiber reinforced and hollow sphere filled composite materials would be particularly proposed.     

滤食性双壳贝类对工厂化养殖废水中悬浮物的生物滤除研究

针对海水鱼类半滑舌鳎养殖池排出水中大量絮状悬浮物难以用常规机械过滤法去除的问题,选择适应能力强的滤食性双壳贝类长牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）和紫贻贝（Mytilus galloprovincialis）,通过现场实验测定了它们对鱼类养殖排出水中悬浮物的生物滤除能力。结果表明,在海水流速为100 L·h^-1条件下,牡蛎[壳高（9.80±0.45）cm,湿重（117.0±10.0）g]和贻贝[壳高（6.54±0.26）cm,湿重（29.7±2.4）g]对养殖排出水悬浮物的生物沉积速率分别为40.28～45.30 mg·ind^-1·d^-1[平均（43.40±2.16）mg·ind^-1·d^-1]和6.96～8.87 mg·ind^-1·d^-1[平均（7.66±0.99）mg·ind^-1·d^-1];在实验海水流速为150 L·h-1条件下,牡蛎[壳高（9.33±0.99）cm,湿重（95.8±31.4）g]和贻贝[壳高（6.39±0.91）cm,湿重（28.0±15.4）g]对悬浮物的生物沉积速率分别为13.68～22.50 mg·ind^-1·d^-1[平均（17.35±4.59）mg·ind^-1·d^-1]和 5.37～5.67 mg·ind^-1·d^-1[平均（5.55±0.15）mg·ind^-1·d^-1]。表明长牡蛎和贻贝两种双壳贝类对半滑舌鳎养殖池出水中悬浮物具备很强的生物滤除潜力,且能吸收和利用悬浮物中的有机质实现养殖废物的生物资源化利用。     

The effect of a single intravenous fluid bolus on packed cell volume and plasma total solids concentration in Red-collared Lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus rubritorquis)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of a single intravenous (IV) fluid bolus on the hydration of an avian patient, using packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma total solids (TS) to estimate hydration. PROCEDURE: Ten birds were allocated randomly to one of three groups, and administered 30 mL/kg or 50 mL/kg intravenous fluid, or were part of a control group and did not receive IV fluid. Blood was collected before the IV fluid bolus was administered, and at 1 minute, 3 hours and 6 hours after administration of the fluid. Samples were used to determine PCV and TS and results were compared between groups and between the different time points. RESULTS: Administration of 30 mL/kg or 50 mL/kg compound sodium lactate solution caused a statistically significant decrease in PCV. Within 3 hours, the PCV was not significantly different to the initial value or to the PCV of control birds. Administration of 30 mL/kg compound sodium lactate solution did not result in a significant decrease in TS. However, administration of 50 mL/kg produced a significant decrease in TS, which was still significantly less than controls 6 hours after the fluid was administered. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that an intravenous bolus of fluid may be safely administered to an anaemic bird, since PCV is significantly decreased for less than 3 hours. Up to 50 mL/kg of fluid may be administered as an intravenous bolus to a bird, to produce significant haemodilution that persists for up to 6 hours.     

苹果增产菌对桃果实的影响

在桃树上喷施苹果增产菌后可以达到提早开花３～４天，提早成熟。单果重提高１８．３７％～３９．９４％，果形指数提高４．３６％～５．３６％，可溶性固形物含量提高５．７１％～１０．８７％，果实的品质和风味有所改善。不同时期和次数的处理结果是：在桃树幼芽萌动期、坐果期和果实迅速膨大期各喷１次１０００倍苹果增产菌，其效果明显好于在幼芽萌动期和坐果期各喷１次和只在幼芽萌动期喷１次的处理     

Interactive effects of planting time and mulching on ‘Chandler’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)

Studies were conducted in ‘Chandler’ strawberry with the aim to optimize planting time and mulching material under the semi-arid region of north Indian plains. Three planting times viz., mid-September, mid-October and mid-November and three mulch materials viz., black polyethylene (50 μm), clear polyethylene (50 μm) and paddy straw (10 cm thickness) were tried with three replications in a split plot design. Mid-September planting favoured plant growth, enhanced flowering (77.3 days), which resulted in production of significantly larger fruit (13.0 g) and higher yield (174.4 g/plant) with fruit having higher TSS (9.23%), acidity (1.22%) and ascorbic acid content (44.1 mg/100 g of pulp) with lesser incidence of albinism (9.6%) and botrytis rot (8.1%) than other plantings. Plants mulched with black polyethylene have significantly better growth, and they flowered (80.2 days) and fruited early (29.2 days), and produced larger fruit (12.6 g) and higher yield (172.4 g/plant), with slightly higher incidence of albinism (20.1%), but with lower incidence of botrytis rot (7.3%) than those mulched either with clear polyethylene or paddy straw. Planting time × mulching interaction has significantly influenced plant growth; flowering and fruiting; fruit yield and quality, and albinism and botrytis rot. Plants have best growth parameters like, plant height (11.2 cm), crown spread (24.1 cm) and leaf area (87.9 cm²), they took lesser days to flowering (73.7 days) and fruiting (31.3 days), produced larger fruit (13.7 g) and higher yield (191.3 g/plant) with fruit having higher TSS (9.41%), acidity (1.17%) and higher ascorbic acid content (46.4 mg/100 g pulp) with a slightly higher incidence of albinism (10.3%), but comparatively lower incidence of botrytis rot (5.2%) when planted during mid-September and mulched with black polyethylene than other plantings and mulched either with clear polyethylene or paddy straw. These studies indicated that strawberry could be planted in mid-September with black polyethylene mulch under semi-arid regions of India for early fruiting, and higher yield of better quality fruits.     

灵芝发酵液浓缩固形物生物活性研究

研究灵芝GL-2菌株发酵液浓缩固形物(胶事囊剂)对巨噬细胞的影响, 无论它在试管内或整体小鼠都具有促进巨噬细胞的吞噬功能。此外,在护肝作用研究中,明显降低肝脏中毒小鼠的GPT活力,GoT亦有降低趋势。对小鼠的耐力研究中,游泳时间明显延长以及提高了耐缺氧的能力,对小鼠脂质过氧化的研究中, 灵芝发酵液浓缩固形物(胶囊剂)能显著抑制50％酒精所致的心、肝匀浆、肝线粒体的MDA(丙二醛)量的升高。     

Use of vegetated drainage ditches and low-grade weirs for aquaculture effluent mitigation: II. Suspended sediment

Total suspended solids are a priority pollutant under the Clean Water Act and a point of concern for aquaculture facilities. The use of ubiquitous vegetated ditches on the aquaculture landscape may serve as an environmentally and economically sustainable practice for reducing suspended sediment contributions to downstream environments. This study assessed effects of consecutive low-grade weirs on suspended solids retention and settling rates of aquaculture pond effluent in a single drainage ditch. Two control and nine treatment discharges were conducted in September and October 2012 at the Mississippi State University South Farm Aquaculture Facility. All discharges decreased total and volatile suspended solid loads. Total suspended solids were decreased 72–94%, with a significant removal rate of 0.02 ± 0.01 mg L⁻¹ min⁻¹ in both control (F = 6.12, P < 0.001) and treatment discharges (F = 16.02, P < 0.001). Volatile suspended solids comprised 2–80% of total suspended solids and had a significant removal rate of 0.02 ± 0.001 mg L⁻¹ min⁻¹ in both control (F = 10.46, P < 0.001) and treatment discharges (F = 6.28, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in overall settling rates between control and treatment discharges; however, prior to weir 1, both total and volatile suspended solid concentrations increased in control discharges. Treatment discharges decreased both total and volatile suspended solids significantly (P < 0.001) prior to weir 1. Further analysis revealed flow rate to be a significant (P < 0.001) variable in total suspended solid removal while initial concentrations affected reduction rates of volatile suspended solids significantly (P < 0.001). These results suggest that the use of low-grade weirs could be a viable best management practice that easily integrates within the aquaculture landscape and creates hydraulic conditions conducive to sediment retention.     

悬挂式玉米收获机研究现状及必要性分析

详细介绍悬挂式玉米收获机械化技术及机具的国内外发展历程及研制现状,根据粮食安全及玉米生产的实际情况,探讨研发此技术及机具的重要性及可行性,为提高我国玉米收获机械化水平提供理论参考。     

浑水水力分离清水装置的优化试验研究

运用均匀正交设计法和投影寻踪回归分析法（PPR）对浑水水力分离清水装置进行优化试验研究。通过选用高度、底孔、浓度、进流量4个主要影响因素对浑水分离清水装置进行了均匀正交试验，并且利用投影寻踪回归分析方法对试验结果进行了数据分析及计算机仿真优化，明确了耗水率的主要影响因素是底孔和高度，溢流含沙量的主要影响因素是浓度，表面负荷率的主要影响因素是进流量。